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Bioactivities of postbiotics

Over 10 trillion microbial cells in the human GI produce specific metabolites and bioactive compounds that trigger the host’s immunological and metabolic pathways. Microbial symbiosis and stable human-intestinal microbiota communities that promote health and are resistant to disruption require this homeostatic symbiosis between the host and the microbiota. Postbiotics, a novel biotic, are inanimate microbes and their components that benefit the host. Microbial activity produces postbiotics, which benefit the host’s gut health. During lysis, bacteria release enzymes, peptides, teichoic acids, peptidoglycan-derived muropeptides, polysaccharides, cell surface proteins, and organic acids.

Postbiotics are bioactive compounds created after fermentation in the matrix that can alleviate food allergies and enhance immunological tolerance, especially in young children and infants. Structure, elemental makeup, proteins, vitamins, lipids, organic acids, and complex compounds are used to categorize them. Postbiotics have immunological effects that boost mucin formation and promote claudin synthesis. They show promise for the early detection and effective management of digestive disorders in children. The optimal parent cell strains, doses, and reasonably priced postbiotics will require further study. High pressure, ultraviolet light, formalin inactivation, thermal treatments, ionizing radiation, and sonication can increase food nutrition, shelf life, and health.

The Impacts of Postbiotics in Human Health

Postbiotics are immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, hypocholesterolemia, anti-obesogenic, and antioxidant. Probiotics like teichoic acid, indole, lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide, and lactospin make them. They boost intestinal health-promoting Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria. Postbiotics lower blood sugar and improve insulin function in obese persons. They have anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulation, hypocholesterolemia, anti-proliferative, anti-obesogenic, and antioxidant properties. Postbiotic advantages depend on the microbe or bacteria utilized.

 Postbiotics get preference over probiotics

Postbiotics improve gut microbiota health and have antibacterial, immune-modulating, and anti-inflammatory properties. They last less than probiotics and are easier to travel, store, and maintain. Postbiotics are safer, faster to produce, and protect against virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes. They improve immune system maturation and treat allergies. Postbiotics have clear chemical structures, long shelf lives, and safe doses. They imitate probiotic health advantages without live germs, making them a safer alternative to live probiotics.

Classification of postbiotics

Enzyme synthesis, carbohydrate fermentation, and vitamin and peptide synthesis are postbiotics. Proteins, organic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and complex compounds comprise postbiotics. SCFAs, plasminogen, teichoic acids, vitamins, peptides, and enzymes are postbiotics.

 Postbiotic’s extraction

Metabolomics quantifies micro molecules in complex biological systems, making it perfect for postbiotic detection. Centrifugation and ultrafiltration are the most common ways to extract postbiotics. Proteolytic microorganisms start lab fermentations to maintain pH and optimize postbiotic release.

References

Rafique N, Jan SY, Dar AH, Dash KK, Sarkar A, Shams R, Pandey VK, Khan SA, Amin QA, Hussain SZ. Promising bioactivities of postbiotics: A comprehensive review. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 2023 Jul 11:100708.

Provided by: Dr. Babak Tamizifar

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The Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

prebioticsProbiotics-Featured-Image

The human intestine is colonized by 10–۱۰۰ trillion commensal bacteria that are involved in the digestion process, modulation of immune response, and other functions. Nowadays, due to excessive use of antibiotics, stress conditions, and hygiene, we encounter gut dysbiosis.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are defined as a “substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit”.

In order to be categorized as a prebiotic, a product must meet several conditions:

  • It should stimulate the proliferation and activity of some beneficial strains of gut bacteria
  • It should create a favorable medium to some beneficial bacteria in the colon
  • It should be resistant to the action of digestive enzymes and process of hydrolysis
  • It should not be absorbable in the upper digestive tract
  • It should not be destroyed during the food processing process
  • It should decrease the pH in the intestinal lumen

Research data demonstrate that prebiotics determine the change of gut microbiota spectrum and bacteria metabolites. However, there are still few data published regarding prebiotics in IBD. To date, results of prebiotic research in patients with IBD are conflicting. Although the administration of prebiotic agents may be associated with some adverse digestive side effects in active IBD, their administration in early childhood for a proper development of gut microbiome and later prevention of IBD onset should be taken into consideration.

probiotics

Probiotics

Probiotics are live organisms that are beneficial for the gut by modulating the immune response, increase the IgA production and enhance the host immune system`s defenses. Also, they are able to compete with pathogens.

The favorable actions of probiotics on human gut are the following:

  • Change of intestinal pH
  • The production of components with antibacterial activity (e.g., lactic acid, bacteriocins, hydroperoxides)
  • Competition for essential nutrients
  • Competitively block the binding sites on the epithelial cells and upregulate tight junction molecules of the mucosal barrier
  • The degradation of the receptors for toxins

Lactic-acid-producing bacteria (LAB) include the biggest part of gut microbiota, which produce lactic acid as a result to the anaerobic digestion of saccharides. Lactobacillus spp. are the most important group of bacteria found in fermented food (e.g., pickles, soured milk, kefir) and are considered to be beneficial for humans.

ibd

In case of IBD patients, there is an abnormal activation of the immune system due to chronic intestinal inflammation. The use of probiotics may help the transition from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state at the gut level. Nowadays, the strains currently available as probiotics are represented by the Bifidobacterium species, Lactobacillus strains, Bacillus species, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces boulardii, and Pediococcus, which have been demonstrated to be associated with the beneficial health effects. Probiotic engineering determines the formation of bacterial strains with more powerful properties to target the enteric pathogens and to specifically intervene in the disease. This strategy uses bacteria or yeasts genetically engineered with the genes for some therapeutic agents that are acting as anti-inflammatory agents.

References:

Provided by Dr. Nazila Kassaian

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Gut-microbiota manipulation

gut microbiome

Nowadays, some strategies like probiotics, prebiotics, post biotics, synbiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) rely on adding individual, several, or a whole consortium of living microbial organisms to exclude disease-causing microbes and provide health-promoting benefits. Moreover, bacteriocins and bacteriophages present another potential strategies to remove specific pathogens associated with the onset of a particular diseases; however, their exploration as therapeutics in humans is still in its infancy.

Gut-microbiota targeted therapeutics in IBD

The therapeutic potential of these agents in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), has been evaluated in a meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The authors found that these therapeutics considerably increased the number of beneficial intestinal bacteria (particularly Bifidobacterium), induced or maintained IBD remission and lowered UC disease activity index whilst not affecting IBD recurrence. Subgroup analyses showed that combining probiotics and prebiotics with conventional therapies was more effective in reducing these parameters than traditional treatments alone, while synbiotic treatment seemed to be more effective than prebiotics and probiotics alone. Additionally, the study suggested that probiotics containing Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, or more than one bacterial strain were more effective as IBD therapeutics and proposed doses from 10۱۰ to 10۱۲ colony forming units (CFU)/day as reference dose. The severity of inflammation and disease activity has also been proposed to influence the effectiveness of microbiota-targeted therapeutics in IBD.

Moreover, the data could suggest that the microbiota-modulatory efficacy of prebiotics decreases going from healthy, at-risk subjects to those with inactive and active IBD, indicating their potential in IBD primary prevention and treatment in a less inflamed gut.

Gut-microbiota targeted therapeutics in diarrhea

The effect of probiotics on chronic diarrhea, associated with different intestinal disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional diarrhea, was evaluated. Yang et al have shown that intake of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1143 for 4 weeks can be effective in managing chronic diarrhea symptoms in patients compared to placebo (maltodextrin). Moreover, it has been demonstrated that prebiotic consumption decreases the abundance of Bacteroides and Eggerthella, increases the abundance of beneficial species like Akkermansia, Terrisporobacter, and Anaerostipes, and stimulates acetic and propionic acid production. These data suggesting the potency of this probiotic strain and prebiotic can improve the microbiota imbalance and clinical symptoms in functional bowel disorders.

Gut-microbiota targeted therapeutics in Helicobacter pylori infection

The therapeutic potential of probiotics alone or in combination with standard treatments has also been evaluated in Helicobacter pylori infection. One study showed that consumption of a probiotic drink containing fermented milk with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei CNCM I-1518 and I-3689, L. rhamnosus CNCM I-3690, and four yogurt strains for 28 days induced faster gut microbiota recovery after H. pylori eradication, reducing the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella and Klebsiella) and increasing fecal SCFA generation compared to the control drink. Another study evaluated the therapeutic effects of a probiotic including Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus, provided alone or in combination with quadruple eradication therapy (PPI, bismuth, and two antibiotics) for 2 weeks, on gastric microbiota recovery in H. pylori-infected individuals. Results showed that 2 months after treatment, the quadruple therapy did not restore gastric microbiota of H. pylori-positive subjects to an uninfected state; however, adjuvant probiotic therapy contributed to its recovery by improving microbial diversity, reducing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria (e.g., Fusobacterium, Campylobacter and Proteobacteria) and increasing the beneficial bacteria (e.g., Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Eubacterium ventriosum). By contrast, probiotic monotherapy was ineffective in H. pylori abolition and failed to restore gastric microbiota, with observed alterations in microbiota structure, increased putative pathogenic bacteria, and no induction of beneficial bacteria.

written by: Dr.Nazila Kassaian

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A mini review on Probiotics, prebiotics, Postbiotcs, Paraprobiotics and synbiotics

Probiotics, prebiotics, Postbiotcs, Paraprobiotics and synbiotics

Scientific use of probiotics, postbiotics, prebiotics, paraprobiotics and synbiotics can be safe and alternative strategy against microbial infections, particularly in the ongoing and post-pandemic situation. Probiotics are known to promote heath by stimulating native gut microbiota, host immunity, cholesterol reduction and several other functions, whereas their metabolites such as bacteriocins, lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, also known as postbiotics, secreted by these microorganisms can be of immense importance as antimicrobials against a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. A relatively new form of product has been discovered to replace the live probiotics by inactivated or heat-killed probiotic cells known as paraprobiotics. It has shown potent applications for the treatment of several diseases including viral infections. Prebiotics are generally food ingredients which not only promote the growth of probiotic microorganisms present in the human gut, but also stimulate the immune system. Moreover, use of fermented foods, the natural habitat of probiotic bacteria, is of immense importance which eventually helps in the better treatment of several diseases, including gut related disorders.

Health benefits and therapeutic potentials

The importance of probiotics for human health has been established since long past. But study on the role of prebiotics, synbiotics and other derivatives is still at nascent stage. Looking at the current scenario of pandemics, the emphasis has been given on antimicrobial potential of probiotics against pathogenic microorganisms and host immunity. Interestingly, gut microbiota (GM) has been proposed as a “forgotten organ” which is tirelessly involved with other organs in establishing a bi- or multidirectional communications is also discussed in addition to cancer. Therefore, the roles of probiotics in modulation of host immune system and gut microbiota, treatment of infection, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cancer have been elaborated.

Conclusions and future perspectives

Probiotic bacteria positively affect the human health by stimulating immune system and inhibition of pathogens. Due to their multifarious health benefits, there has been a significant interest in probiotics and prebiotics in healthcare and consumer products. However, an extensive study data is limited to a few probiotics and prebiotics. Various clinical studies have supported the role of probiotics and prebiotics alone and in combination (synbiotics) with each other in the treatment and prevention a large number of life-threatening diseases including cancer, HIV infection, gut diseases and many more. There are sufficient evidences that probiotics and their derivatives may also pay significant role in the management of COVID19. Therefore, an utmost need of an hour is to clinically validate some more probiotics and prebiotics along with synbiotics for human health and therapeutic applications. Modern techniques based on molecular biology, genetic engineering, system biology, multiomics, nanotechnology and immunology must be utilized for thorough understanding of structure and function of microbiome with respect to probiotics and prebiotics. These studies will help in understanding the interaction among human body functions and microbiome. Therefore, scientists from different fields (academic institutions, clinicians and industries) should come together and join hands in this direction through a collaborative translational research attempting to directly relate insights from the lab to the manufacturers, the consumers and the clinicians.

prepared by: Nazila Kassaian

References

Yadav MK, Kumari I, Singh B, Sharma KK, Tiwari SK. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotic: Safe options for next-generation therapeutics. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2022 Jan 11:1-7.

Gayathri D, Vasudha M, Prashantkumar CS. Gut-Brain Axis: Probiotic Interactions and Implications for Human Mental Health. InMicrobiome-Gut-Brain Axis 2022 (pp. 261-280).

Samtiya M, Dhewa T, Puniya AK. Probiotic Mechanism to Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). InMicrobiome-Gut-Brain Axis 2022 (pp. 237-259).

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Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently under study have the potential to change scientific understanding as well as nutritional and healthcare applications of these interventions. The expansion of related fields of microbiome-targeted interventions, and an evolving landscape for implementation across regulatory, policy, prescriber, and consumer spheres, portends an era of significant change.

Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

The wealth of research into microbiome-targeted nutrition and therapeutics has expanded the
fields of probiotics and prebiotics as well as many related interventions. Both within and outside of the current definitions, new probiotics and prebiotics will emerge, challenging scientific as well
as regulatory definitions. Many substances will be derived from novel sources that meet economic and environmental needs to target a growing range of compositional and functional niches within the microbiome. Industry trends and consumer preferences will continue to drive demand for integration of probiotic, prebiotic, and other bioactive substances into a plethora of formats, supported by advancements in delivery technologies and quality assurance.

While the gut will likely remain as the heartland of these therapies, clinically proven applications will continue to expand in the respiratory system, immune system, urogenital tract, skin, nervous system, oral cavity, cardiometabolic system, and weight-management field.

Healthcare policy and practice

 Emerging healthcare challenges will drive research into new areas of global health importance, and a growing body of evidence for key applications will guide increased implementation in healthcare policy and practice.
Accelerating advances in biotechnology and bioinformatics show no sign of slowing and will provide detailed mechanistic insights into the action of prebiotics and probiotics as well as leads to
identify new candidate organisms and substrates. Discovery and validation techniques will continue to undergo refinement, increasing reliability and reproducibility of study findings. This will further enable the comparability of data sets and larger aggregate insights from multiple research streams. These insights, as well as continued investment into large intervention and population based studies, will uncover new ways to improve dietary relevance and clinical efficacy as well as target these interventions and tailor them to individuals’ biology and microbiome. Such a vision is our predicted future of probiotics and prebiotics.

Reference

 Cunningham M, Azcarate-Peril MA, Barnard A, Benoit V, Grimaldi R, Guyonnet D, Holscher HD, Hunter K, Manurung S, Obis D, Petrova MI. Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics.  Trends in Microbiology, August 2021, Vol. 29, No. 8   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.003

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Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The exact etiology and pathogenesis of IBD have not been fully acknowledged.

Recent studies have investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and IBD.

Dysbiosis is an important factor in the intestinal inflammation. Thus, gut microbiome management is likely to be an objective in IBD treatment.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
Altered gut bacteria implication in the pathogenesis of IBD

probiotics

The existing evidence suggests the beneficial role of probiotics in the treatment of IBD. Mechanisms of action that researchers have suggested for probiotic include: stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines production, antimicrobial substances secretion, suppression of bacterial growths, modulation of immune system, immunomodulatory role, improvement of the epithelial barrier function, and suppression of T-cells proliferation.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir-2
Effects of different probiotics in IBD.

 

 

 

 

The effectiveness of probiotic agents in maintaining the clinical remission of the Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis have been shown in several studies.

prebiotics

prebiotics are functional non-digestible food components include fructo-oligosaccharides, inulin, and galacto-oligosaccharides. prebiotics stimulate the activity or the growth of some specific groups of bacteria, e.g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and the bacterial production of short chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, with immunoregulatory effects.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir-3
Beneficial effects of prebiotics.

Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)

FMT can lead to increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and thus reducing bowel permeability and severity of IBD.

Natural Chemical Compounds in IBD Treatment

Health benefits of phytochemicals have been reported by several studies. The gut microbiota and immunity of the intestine has been reported to be influenced by a number of polyphenols, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and lignans, which have numerous biological benefits (antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory). A significant involvement of polyphenols in CD and UC has been reported by recent epidemiological study.

Conclusion

Recently, the importance of intestinal microbiota in maintaining the normal functioning of the body has been more and more recognized. Recent evidence suggested the relationship between dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and IBD. An approach based on the intestinal microbiota for the treatment of IBD developed in recent years.

Probiotics have been shown to promote gut health, modulate the immune system and reduce the risk of IBD among high-risk patients.

The health benefits of probiotic agents, especially those of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, were reported in UC and CD. The mechanisms behind these results are the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic agents. In other words, probiotics reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and increase the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators.

References:

Pavel FM, Vesa CM, Gheorghe G, Diaconu CC, Stoicescu M, Munteanu MA, Babes EE, Tit DM, Toma MM, Bungau S. Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Jun 15;11(6):1090. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11061090.

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The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes

The athlete ’s main goal is to optimize their performance.

Nutrition helps athletes to feed their brains, bones, muscles and cardiovascular system to foster peak performance.

In addition, it has been also suggested that nutrition may play a role in athletic performance by affecting gut microbiota.

How do sports impact our gut microbiota?

 

Recent reviews have suggested a bidirectional relation between sport and the gut microbiota.

The effects of exercise on the gut microbiota depend on the type, intensity and exercise duration. Cardiorespiratory exercise cause immediate effects on the gut microbiota composition. In contrast, resistance exercise shows no effect.

Exercise has been suggested to increases diversity and the growth of some specific groups of bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia) and the production of SCFAs.

The gut microbiota may also influence exercise performance and health by producing SCFAs.

“Fueling gut microbes” should be considered as a strategy for athletes to improve their health and performance.

The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes-gutmicrobiotaforhealth-ir
Fueling your microbes for athletic performance

 

Dietary Strategies for Sport and the Gut

Sports-centric dietary strategies (protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) as well as gut-centric dietary strategies (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics) should be considered as opportunities to impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance.

  • High-protein diets and use of protein supplements appear to have greater impact on microbial metabolites than on the gut microbiota composition. The gut microbiota may contribute to muscle protein anabolism and function by modulating protein absorption and utilization.
  • High-fat, especially saturated fat, intake is associated with a pro-inflammatory gut microbiota composition and reduced capacity to produce SCFAs. In contrast, ɷ-۳ fatty acids promote SCFA production and reduce gastrointestinal permeability.
  • High refined carbohydrates and low-fiber dietary pattern has harmful effects on the gut microbiota. Whereas, increased SCFAs production by the gut microbiota due to high fiber diet are positively linked to muscle function.
  • Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can change the gut microbiota composition and beneficially affect athletic performance and recovery.
  • The gut microbiota influences the absorption of certain micronutrients, such as calcium, that are important for athlete performance and health. Micronutrient deficiencies can impact the gut microbiota. However, excessive intake of some micronutrients may also increase infection susceptibility.
  • Energy deficiency or excess both influence the gut microbiota.

 

References: Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv Nutr. 2021 Jul 6:nmab077. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab077.