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Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Recent and ongoing developments in microbiome science are enabling new frontiers of research for probiotics and prebiotics. Novel types, mechanisms, and applications currently under study have the potential to change scientific understanding as well as nutritional and healthcare applications of these interventions. The expansion of related fields of microbiome-targeted interventions, and an evolving landscape for implementation across regulatory, policy, prescriber, and consumer spheres, portends an era of significant change.

Shaping the Future of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives

The wealth of research into microbiome-targeted nutrition and therapeutics has expanded the
fields of probiotics and prebiotics as well as many related interventions. Both within and outside of the current definitions, new probiotics and prebiotics will emerge, challenging scientific as well
as regulatory definitions. Many substances will be derived from novel sources that meet economic and environmental needs to target a growing range of compositional and functional niches within the microbiome. Industry trends and consumer preferences will continue to drive demand for integration of probiotic, prebiotic, and other bioactive substances into a plethora of formats, supported by advancements in delivery technologies and quality assurance.

While the gut will likely remain as the heartland of these therapies, clinically proven applications will continue to expand in the respiratory system, immune system, urogenital tract, skin, nervous system, oral cavity, cardiometabolic system, and weight-management field.

Healthcare policy and practice

 Emerging healthcare challenges will drive research into new areas of global health importance, and a growing body of evidence for key applications will guide increased implementation in healthcare policy and practice.
Accelerating advances in biotechnology and bioinformatics show no sign of slowing and will provide detailed mechanistic insights into the action of prebiotics and probiotics as well as leads to
identify new candidate organisms and substrates. Discovery and validation techniques will continue to undergo refinement, increasing reliability and reproducibility of study findings. This will further enable the comparability of data sets and larger aggregate insights from multiple research streams. These insights, as well as continued investment into large intervention and population based studies, will uncover new ways to improve dietary relevance and clinical efficacy as well as target these interventions and tailor them to individuals’ biology and microbiome. Such a vision is our predicted future of probiotics and prebiotics.

Reference

 Cunningham M, Azcarate-Peril MA, Barnard A, Benoit V, Grimaldi R, Guyonnet D, Holscher HD, Hunter K, Manurung S, Obis D, Petrova MI. Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics.  Trends in Microbiology, August 2021, Vol. 29, No. 8   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.003

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Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The exact etiology and pathogenesis of IBD have not been fully acknowledged.

Recent studies have investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and IBD.

Dysbiosis is an important factor in the intestinal inflammation. Thus, gut microbiome management is likely to be an objective in IBD treatment.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
Altered gut bacteria implication in the pathogenesis of IBD

probiotics

The existing evidence suggests the beneficial role of probiotics in the treatment of IBD. Mechanisms of action that researchers have suggested for probiotic include: stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines production, antimicrobial substances secretion, suppression of bacterial growths, modulation of immune system, immunomodulatory role, improvement of the epithelial barrier function, and suppression of T-cells proliferation.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir-2
Effects of different probiotics in IBD.

 

 

 

 

The effectiveness of probiotic agents in maintaining the clinical remission of the Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis have been shown in several studies.

prebiotics

prebiotics are functional non-digestible food components include fructo-oligosaccharides, inulin, and galacto-oligosaccharides. prebiotics stimulate the activity or the growth of some specific groups of bacteria, e.g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and the bacterial production of short chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, with immunoregulatory effects.

Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir-3
Beneficial effects of prebiotics.

Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)

FMT can lead to increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, improving the integrity of the intestinal barrier and thus reducing bowel permeability and severity of IBD.

Natural Chemical Compounds in IBD Treatment

Health benefits of phytochemicals have been reported by several studies. The gut microbiota and immunity of the intestine has been reported to be influenced by a number of polyphenols, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and lignans, which have numerous biological benefits (antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory). A significant involvement of polyphenols in CD and UC has been reported by recent epidemiological study.

Conclusion

Recently, the importance of intestinal microbiota in maintaining the normal functioning of the body has been more and more recognized. Recent evidence suggested the relationship between dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and IBD. An approach based on the intestinal microbiota for the treatment of IBD developed in recent years.

Probiotics have been shown to promote gut health, modulate the immune system and reduce the risk of IBD among high-risk patients.

The health benefits of probiotic agents, especially those of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, were reported in UC and CD. The mechanisms behind these results are the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotic agents. In other words, probiotics reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators and increase the synthesis of anti-inflammatory mediators.

References:

Pavel FM, Vesa CM, Gheorghe G, Diaconu CC, Stoicescu M, Munteanu MA, Babes EE, Tit DM, Toma MM, Bungau S. Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Jun 15;11(6):1090. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11061090.

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Relationship between nutrition, immunity, gut microbiota and COVID-19

COVID-19 primarily attacks the respiratory system. However, the virus can affect almost every organ and tissues in the human body, including immune and digestive systems.

Older people, especially those with pre-existing of medical condition such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, weakened immune systems, severe obesity, asthma and hypertension, are more susceptible to severe form of COVID19 and mortality.

COVID19-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
COVID-19 and extra-pulmonary complications

Effect of obesity on the immune system

Obesity is suggested to be associated with impairments of the immune cell activity. Obese have increased susceptibility to different type of bacterial, viral and fungal infections, and poorer responses to vaccination in comparison with normal weight subjects.

Nutrition, immunity and infection

The immune system becomes activated in exposure by the presence of pathogens. Immune cell activation results in an increased energy demand. Good nutrition is important for immune system and gut microbiota health. Conversely poor nutrition (undernourishment as well as overeating) can weaken the immune system, leading to greater susceptibility to infections.

Several macro and micronutrients (such as protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, iron, copper, selenium, zinc, and magnesium) are reported to be essential for the effective immune system.

Gut microbiota, immunity and infection

The gut microbiota is shaped by dietary habits and amount of food consumed. Furthermore, ageing and chronic condition may be associated with altered gut microbiota that affects gut barrier integrity. Researchers suggested a close link between gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune system and COVID19 severity. A balanced healthy microbiota can promote immune response to COVID-19.

Probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, may play a key role in modification of the microbiota, improvement of the epithelial barrier function, modulation of the immune system and protection against infections. A diet rich in plant foods, fiber and fermented foods is shown to promote the gut microbiota composition and diversity and help to support the immune system.

Relationship between nutrition, immunity, gut microbiota and COVID-19-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
The gut microbiota for better prevention and management of COVID-19

Conclusion

A diverse diet with sufficient amount of nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, fiber, probiotics, vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) is needed to support health and the proper functioning of immune cells and gut microbita in order to better defending against bacteria and viruses.

Reference:

Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020 May 20; 3:74-92. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085.

Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66:460S-3S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/66.2.460S.

Kim HS. Do an altered gut microbiota and an associated leaky gut affect COVID19 severity? mBio. 2021; 12. doi:10.1128/mBio.03022-20.

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The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes

The athlete ’s main goal is to optimize their performance.

Nutrition helps athletes to feed their brains, bones, muscles and cardiovascular system to foster peak performance.

In addition, it has been also suggested that nutrition may play a role in athletic performance by affecting gut microbiota.

How do sports impact our gut microbiota?

 

Recent reviews have suggested a bidirectional relation between sport and the gut microbiota.

The effects of exercise on the gut microbiota depend on the type, intensity and exercise duration. Cardiorespiratory exercise cause immediate effects on the gut microbiota composition. In contrast, resistance exercise shows no effect.

Exercise has been suggested to increases diversity and the growth of some specific groups of bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia) and the production of SCFAs.

The gut microbiota may also influence exercise performance and health by producing SCFAs.

“Fueling gut microbes” should be considered as a strategy for athletes to improve their health and performance.

The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes-gutmicrobiotaforhealth-ir
Fueling your microbes for athletic performance

 

Dietary Strategies for Sport and the Gut

Sports-centric dietary strategies (protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) as well as gut-centric dietary strategies (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics) should be considered as opportunities to impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance.

  • High-protein diets and use of protein supplements appear to have greater impact on microbial metabolites than on the gut microbiota composition. The gut microbiota may contribute to muscle protein anabolism and function by modulating protein absorption and utilization.
  • High-fat, especially saturated fat, intake is associated with a pro-inflammatory gut microbiota composition and reduced capacity to produce SCFAs. In contrast, ɷ-۳ fatty acids promote SCFA production and reduce gastrointestinal permeability.
  • High refined carbohydrates and low-fiber dietary pattern has harmful effects on the gut microbiota. Whereas, increased SCFAs production by the gut microbiota due to high fiber diet are positively linked to muscle function.
  • Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can change the gut microbiota composition and beneficially affect athletic performance and recovery.
  • The gut microbiota influences the absorption of certain micronutrients, such as calcium, that are important for athlete performance and health. Micronutrient deficiencies can impact the gut microbiota. However, excessive intake of some micronutrients may also increase infection susceptibility.
  • Energy deficiency or excess both influence the gut microbiota.

 

References: Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv Nutr. 2021 Jul 6:nmab077. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab077.