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?What is Transcriptomics

?What is Transcriptomics

This approach is used to identify the qualitative and quantitative RNA levels in the whole genome. This includes which transcripts are present and the levels of their expression. Although only 2% of the DNA is translated in to protein, almost 80% of the genome is transcribed. This includes the coding RNA, short RNA, including microRNA, piwi RNA, small nuclear RNA. Apart from acting as an intermediate between DNA and protein, RNA also has structural and regulatory functions during native and altered states. They have been shown to have a role in myocardial infarction, adipose differentiation, diabetes, endocrine regulation, neuron development, and others. Thus, it is crucial to understand which transcripts are expressed at a time. Apart from next generation sequencing, probe-based assays, and RNA-seq are also used in this approach.

What is Transcriptomics

What is Transcriptomics used for?

Transcriptomics allows identification of genes and pathways that respond to and counteract biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. The non-targeted nature of transcriptomics allows the identification of novel transcriptional networks in complex systems. Transcriptome databases have grown and increased in utility as more transcriptomes are collected and shared by researchers. Measuring the expression of an organism’s genes in different tissues or conditions, or at different times, gives information on how genes are regulated and reveals details of an organism’s biology. It can also be used to infer the functions of previously unannotated genes. Transcriptome analysis has enabled the study of how gene expression changes in different organisms and has been instrumental in the understanding of human disease. An analysis of gene expression in its entirety allows detection of broad coordinated trends which cannot be discerned by more targeted assays.

Techniques

There are two key contemporary techniques in the field: microarrays, which quantify a set of predetermined sequences, and RNA-Seq, which uses high-throughput sequencing to record all transcripts. As the technology improved, the volume of data produced by each transcriptome experiment increased. As a result, data analysis methods have steadily been adapted to more accurately and efficiently analyze increasingly large volumes of data.

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?What is Whole genome sequencing (WGS)

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the most global approach to identifying genetic variations. Whole genome sequencing or full genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety of the DNA sequence of an organism’s genome at a single time. Genomic information has been instrumental in identifying inherited disorders, characterizing the mutations that drive cancer progression, and tracking disease outbreaks. This entails sequencing all of an organism’s chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research. In the future of personalized medicine, whole genome sequence data may be an important tool to guide therapeutic intervention.

Advantages of Whole-Genome Sequencing

  • Provides a high-resolution, base-by-base view of the genome
  • Captures both large and small variants that might be missed with targeted approaches
  • Identifies potential causative variants for further follow-up studies of gene expression and regulation mechanisms
  • Delivers large volumes of data in a short amount of time to support assembly of novel genomes

Next generation sequencing

The feasibility of WGS analysis is under the support of next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, which require substantial computational and biomedical resources to acquire and analyze large and complex sequence data. Meanwhile, the rapid progress and innovation of NGS technology has successfully enabled the generation of large volumes of sequence data and reduced the expense for WGS. While WGS method is commonly associated with sequencing human genomes, the scalable, flexible nature of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology makes it equally useful for sequencing any species, such as agriculturally important livestock, plants, or disease-related microbes.