نوشته‌شده در

بایدها و نبایدهای تغذیه ای در بیماران IBD

IBD

بایدها و نبایدهای غذایی در بیماریهای التهابی روده (IBD) یکی از سوالات اصلی بیماران پس از تشخیص است. اگرچه هیچ غذا یا رژیم غذایی خاصی وجود ندارد که کاملا بتواند از کولیت اولسراتیو و بیماری کرون پیشگیری و یا آنها را درمان کند، تغذیه و رژیم غذایی مناسب می تواند به بهبود علائم و کاهش التهاب روده کمک کند. نشان داده شده است که مصرف سبزیجات، میوه، آجیل، حبوبات، روغن زیتون و منابع پروتئینی بدون چربی مثل لوبیای سویا، گوشت مرغ و ماهی، اثر محافظتی در برابر ابتلا به IBD دارد و به بهبود جمعیت میکروبی روده کمک می کند. در مقابل، الگوهای غذایی غربی، سرشار از اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع امگا ۶، الکل، گوشت قرمز و افزودنی‌های غذایی (نمک بیش از حد و شیرین‌کننده‌های مصنوعی) التهاب روده را شدت بخشیده و می‌توانند علائم این بیماری را بدتر کنند. به گفته محققین، رژیم غذایی غنی از اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع امگا ۶ (که معمولاً در روغن‌های ذرت، سویا، گلرنگ و آفتابگردان یافت می‌شود) باعث التهاب روده می‌شود. در مقابل، رژیم غذایی غنی از روغن زیتون و حاوی اسیدهای چرب غیراشباع امگا ۳ (روغن ماهی) و چربی لبنیات باعث تقویت ایمنی در کولیت اولسراتیو می شود.

تغذیه درمانی در شرایط حاد بیماری

در شرایط حاد، بهترین رژیم درمانی ، تغذیه انترال (EEN) است که یک فرمولای مایع است. در این رژیم تمام مواد مغذی ضروری تامین می شود و هیچ غذای دیگری داده نمی شود. این رژیم بخصوص برای کاهش التهاب کودکان موثر است.. در نهایت، EEN باید برای مدت زمان محدودی استفاده شده و سپس غذا به تدریج اضافه می شود.

نتیجه گیری

امروزه رژیم غذایی مدیترانه ای برای افراد مبتلا به IBD که به دنبال یک رژیم غذایی متعادل و سالم هستند توصیه می شود.دانشمندان معتقدند تغذیه و نوع رژیم غذایی افراد IBD باید با توجه به شدت بیماری و آنچه در سبک زندگی آنها اتفاق می افتد، شخصی سازی شود.  بنابراین مشاوره با یک متخصص تغذیه با تخصص در مدیریت IBD برای ایجاد یک برنامه فردی ضروری است. توصیه می کنیم قبل از انتخاب یکی از رژیم‌های غذایی مد روز که بعضا بصورت آنلاین تبلیغ می‌شوند، با پزشک خود صحبت کنید تا شما را به یک متخصص تغذیه وارد در این بیماری معرفی کند و یک برنامه غذایی شخصی‌سازی شده برای شما تجویز شود.

مترجم: راحم رحمتی(Rahem Rahmati)- نازیلا کسائیان(Nazila Kassaian)

ویراستار: مرضیه رحیم خراسانی (Marzieh Rahim Khorasan) – پریسا هاشمی ( Parisa Hashemi)

 

References

نوشته‌شده در

Estrobolome in post-menopausal women

meet-the-estrobolome

In the female body, estrogen participates in glucose–lipid homeostasis, and insulin resistance. Estrogen level in the gut also regulates the microbiota composition, and even conjugated estrogen is actively metabolized by the estrobolome to maintain insulin levels. Natural menopause is a serious metabolic variation in mid-age women, elevating dyslipidemia, obesity, and irregular carbohydrate metabolism, which affect the gut microbial community. Estrogen depletion shifts gut microbiota, enhances intestinal permeability, and induces obesity. It has been shown that post-menopausal gut microbiota is different from the pre-menopausal gut microbiota, as it is less diverse and lacks the mucolytic Akkermansia and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers such as Faecalibacterium and Roseburia. Through various metabolites (SCFAs mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, secondary bile acid, and serotonin), the gut microbiota plays a significant role in regulating glucose homeostasis, oxidative stress, and T2D-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6). Previous studies have also addressed several associated metabolic risk factors termed as metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by obesity, T2D, insulin resistance, lower HDL level, high blood pressure, and elevated triglyceride level, negatively affecting the quality of life and life expectancy among post-menopausal women.

Dietary regulations for estrobolome dysbiosis

Gut microbiota is a dynamic community that is easily affected by several factors such as diet, disease, metabolic variation, and age. While gut dysbiosis is common among post-menopausal women, dietary interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can ease post-menopausal gut dysbiosis. Moreover, Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens, which their functions are similar to those of human estrogen. Isoflavone-rich dietary sources such as soybean, fermented soy products, and chickpea sprouts are advised for post-menopausal women to maintain a healthy gut microbiome.

Effects of postbiotic treatment

The postbiotic treatment is a comparatively new strategy in which non-viable microbial products such as SCFAs, functional proteins, extracellular polysaccharides, and cell lysate can be administered without evoking the host-immune response. Recently, various postbiotic approaches have been successfully used to treat obesity and diabetes, which includes the anti-obesity impact of lipoteichoic acid from Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BPL1, and insulin-sensitizing role of bacterial cell wall-derived muramyl dipeptide. Postbiotic were also found to be effective in controlling the post-menopausal osteoporosis in the murine model.

References

Singh V, Park YJ, Lee G, Unno T, Shin JH. Dietary regulations for microbiota dysbiosis among post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2022 May 12:1-6.

Zhang, J., S. Wang, Z. Zeng, Y. Qin, Q. Shen, and P. Li. Anti-diabetic effects of Bifidobacterium animalis through improving hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic rat model. Journal of Functional Foods.2020; 67:103843.

Wan, M. L. Y., V. A. Co, and H. El-Nezami. Dietary polyphenol impact on gut health and microbiota. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2021;61 (4):690–۷۱۱.

نوشته‌شده در

Relationship between nutrition, immunity, gut microbiota and COVID-19

COVID-19 primarily attacks the respiratory system. However, the virus can affect almost every organ and tissues in the human body, including immune and digestive systems.

Older people, especially those with pre-existing of medical condition such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, weakened immune systems, severe obesity, asthma and hypertension, are more susceptible to severe form of COVID19 and mortality.

COVID19-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
COVID-19 and extra-pulmonary complications

Effect of obesity on the immune system

Obesity is suggested to be associated with impairments of the immune cell activity. Obese have increased susceptibility to different type of bacterial, viral and fungal infections, and poorer responses to vaccination in comparison with normal weight subjects.

Nutrition, immunity and infection

The immune system becomes activated in exposure by the presence of pathogens. Immune cell activation results in an increased energy demand. Good nutrition is important for immune system and gut microbiota health. Conversely poor nutrition (undernourishment as well as overeating) can weaken the immune system, leading to greater susceptibility to infections.

Several macro and micronutrients (such as protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, iron, copper, selenium, zinc, and magnesium) are reported to be essential for the effective immune system.

Gut microbiota, immunity and infection

The gut microbiota is shaped by dietary habits and amount of food consumed. Furthermore, ageing and chronic condition may be associated with altered gut microbiota that affects gut barrier integrity. Researchers suggested a close link between gut microbiota dysbiosis, immune system and COVID19 severity. A balanced healthy microbiota can promote immune response to COVID-19.

Probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, may play a key role in modification of the microbiota, improvement of the epithelial barrier function, modulation of the immune system and protection against infections. A diet rich in plant foods, fiber and fermented foods is shown to promote the gut microbiota composition and diversity and help to support the immune system.

Relationship between nutrition, immunity, gut microbiota and COVID-19-gutmicrobiotaforhealth.ir
The gut microbiota for better prevention and management of COVID-19

Conclusion

A diverse diet with sufficient amount of nutrients such as amino acids, fatty acids, fiber, probiotics, vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) is needed to support health and the proper functioning of immune cells and gut microbita in order to better defending against bacteria and viruses.

Reference:

Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020 May 20; 3:74-92. doi: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085.

Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66:460S-3S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/66.2.460S.

Kim HS. Do an altered gut microbiota and an associated leaky gut affect COVID19 severity? mBio. 2021; 12. doi:10.1128/mBio.03022-20.

نوشته‌شده در

The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes

The athlete ’s main goal is to optimize their performance.

Nutrition helps athletes to feed their brains, bones, muscles and cardiovascular system to foster peak performance.

In addition, it has been also suggested that nutrition may play a role in athletic performance by affecting gut microbiota.

How do sports impact our gut microbiota?

 

Recent reviews have suggested a bidirectional relation between sport and the gut microbiota.

The effects of exercise on the gut microbiota depend on the type, intensity and exercise duration. Cardiorespiratory exercise cause immediate effects on the gut microbiota composition. In contrast, resistance exercise shows no effect.

Exercise has been suggested to increases diversity and the growth of some specific groups of bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Akkermansia) and the production of SCFAs.

The gut microbiota may also influence exercise performance and health by producing SCFAs.

“Fueling gut microbes” should be considered as a strategy for athletes to improve their health and performance.

The association between Diet, Exercise and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes-gutmicrobiotaforhealth-ir
Fueling your microbes for athletic performance

 

Dietary Strategies for Sport and the Gut

Sports-centric dietary strategies (protein supplements, carbohydrate loading) as well as gut-centric dietary strategies (probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics) should be considered as opportunities to impact both the gut microbiota and athletic performance.

  • High-protein diets and use of protein supplements appear to have greater impact on microbial metabolites than on the gut microbiota composition. The gut microbiota may contribute to muscle protein anabolism and function by modulating protein absorption and utilization.
  • High-fat, especially saturated fat, intake is associated with a pro-inflammatory gut microbiota composition and reduced capacity to produce SCFAs. In contrast, ɷ-۳ fatty acids promote SCFA production and reduce gastrointestinal permeability.
  • High refined carbohydrates and low-fiber dietary pattern has harmful effects on the gut microbiota. Whereas, increased SCFAs production by the gut microbiota due to high fiber diet are positively linked to muscle function.
  • Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can change the gut microbiota composition and beneficially affect athletic performance and recovery.
  • The gut microbiota influences the absorption of certain micronutrients, such as calcium, that are important for athlete performance and health. Micronutrient deficiencies can impact the gut microbiota. However, excessive intake of some micronutrients may also increase infection susceptibility.
  • Energy deficiency or excess both influence the gut microbiota.

 

References: Hughes RL, Holscher HD. Fueling Gut Microbes: A Review of the Interaction between Diet, Exercise, and the Gut Microbiota in Athletes. Adv Nutr. 2021 Jul 6:nmab077. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab077.